Image Handling and Display in X-Ray Mammography and Tomosynthesis

ABSTRACT

A method and system for acquiring, processing, storing, and displaying x-ray mammograms Mp tomosynthesis images Tr representative of breast slices, and x-ray tomosynthesis projection images Tp taken at different angles to a breast, where the Tr images are reconstructed from Tp images

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of earlier-filed application Ser. Nos. 10/305,480 and 10/723,486, filed respectively on Nov. 27, 2002 and Nov. 26, 2003, and claims the benefit of provisional applications Nos. 60/628,516 and 60/631,296 filed respectively on Nov. 15 and 26, 2004, and incorporates herein by reference the entire contents of each of said earlier-filed patent applications.

FIELD

This patent specification pertains to x-ray mammography and tomosynthesis, and more specifically to techniques and equipment for acquiring, processing, storing and displaying mammograms, tomosynthesis projection images, and tomosynthesis reconstructed images.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Mammography has long been used to screen for breast cancer and other abnormalities. Traditionally, mammograms were formed on X-ray film, but more recently flat panel digital imagers have been introduced that acquire a mammogram in digital form and thereby facilitate analysis and storage. Further, X-ray tomosynthesis of the breast has been proposed recently, as discussed in the earlier-filed applications identified above, and clinical testing has been carried out. The assignee of this patent specification, Hologic, Inc., has demonstrated at trade shows in this country a fused, multimode mammography/tomosynthesis system that takes either or both types of images, and either while the breast remains immobilized or in different compressions of the breast.

Tomosynthesis as used in the systems and methods disclosed in this patent specification typically involves acquiring a plurality of tomosynthesis projection images Tp at respective angles relative to the breast, and reconstructing therefrom a plurality of tomosynthesis reconstructed images Tr representative of breast slices. Proper display techniques are desirable to make the presentation of Tp and/or Tr images more effective and efficient for review by health professionals. When tomosynthesis projection images Tp are acquired along with conventional 2D mammograms Mp, improved display methods are desirable that facilitate the display of both types of images. Effective display approaches also are desirable when tomosynthesis images Tp or Tr that are acquired at one time need to be compared to mammograms Mp or to tomosynthesis images Tp or Tr acquired at a different time. Another display issue relates to Computer Aided Detection (CAD) methods that use computer analysis of images to identify locations and possibly other characteristics of suspected abnormalities. CAD marks currently are placed on mammogram images Mp, but it may be useful to place them at the appropriate location on Tr or Tp images. Conversely, it may be desirable to obtain CAD marks by processing Tp and/or Tr images, and place them at appropriate locations on Mp images. Here the notation Mp refers to a conventional mammogram, which is a two-dimensional projection image of a breast; the term Mp encompasses both a digital image as acquired by a flat panel detector or another imaging device and the image after conventional processing to prepare it for display to a health professional or for storage, e.g. in the PACS system of a hospital or another institution. Tp refers to an image that is similarly two-dimensional but is taken at a respective tomosynthesis angle between the breast and the origin of the imaging X-rays (typically the focal spot of an X-ray tube), and also encompasses the image as acquired as well as the image after being processed for display or for some other use. Tr refers to an image that is reconstructed from images Tp, for example in the manner described in said earlier-filed patent applications, and represents a slice of the breast as it would appear in a projection X-ray image of that slice, and also encompasses information sufficient to describe such a slice image. The images Mp, Tp and Tr typically are in digital form before being displayed, and are defined by information identifying properties of each pixel in a two-dimensional array of pixels. The pixel values typically relate to respective measured or estimated or computed responses to X-rays of corresponding volumes in the breast.

Yet another issue concerns the large storage requirements of tomosynthesis images Tp and/or Tr. Because the reconstructed datasets for Tr images are large, it may be better in some circumstances to store unreconstructed projections Tp, which require less storage. Transmission times to the storage device, and from the storage device to the display workstation, can thus be reduced. The Tp images in this case can be reconstructed to Tr images just prior to viewing. Further, it may be desirable that images viewed on a workstation are the same or at least comparable to images viewed on a different workstation, or the same or at least comparable to images previously viewed of the same dataset, even if the software and/or hardware of the acquisition or workstation, or acquisition system, has changed.

Yet another issue concerns the processing time required to reconstruct tomosynthesis images Tr. Because of relatively long reconstruction times, one possible approach is to perform reconstructions at an acquisition console, and send the already-reconstructed images to display workstations. This can allow a greater reading throughput if there are several acquisition systems that are all pushing images to one or more display workstations. The system can be designed so that it can handle M acquisition consoles sending their images to all N display workstations.

In one non-limiting example disclosed in this patent specification, acquisition and display of x-ray images starts with acquiring x-ray mammography image data representative of projection mammography images Mp of patients' breasts and x-ray tomosynthesis image data representative of projection images Tp taken at different angles of at least a source of imaging x-rays relative to the patients' breasts (e.g., different angles of the focal spot in an X-ray tube relative an immobilized breast). This acquisition can be performed by a single unit, using a single X-ray tube and a single flat panel digital imager or some other imaging device, configured to selectively acquire one or both of the mammography and tomosynthesis image data, in the same compression of a patient's breast or in different compressions. The disclosed system and method use at least a subset of the acquired Tp images to form reconstructed tomosynthesis images Tr representative of slices of the breasts that have selected orientations and thicknesses. The system and method display at least a selected subcombination of the Mp, Tr and Tp images, preferably for concurrent viewing and preferably while showing, at or near the displayed images, respective labeling symbols identifying them as Mp, Tr or Tp images.

The method and system can further generate or otherwise obtain computer aided detection (CAD) marks for suspected abnormalities in said Mp images, and can display said marks at corresponding locations on Tr images associated, e.g. by orientation, with respective Mp images. In addition to location information, the CAD marks can provide information regarding, for example, the type of suspected abnormality and/or a confidence level that the marks points to an actual abnormality. CAD marks that are initially generated from or are otherwise related to some of the Tr, Tp or Mp images can be displayed at images from which they were not generated or with which they were not initially associated, at corresponding or at least related locations. Tp images can be stored together with version information indicative of at least one of an acquisition configuration used to acquire them and a reconstruction configuration used to reconstruct Tr images from said Tp images, to thereby enable later reconstruction of Tr images that match those reconstructed originally. Alternatively, or in addition, Tp images can be stored together with version information related to when they were acquired and can be later reconstructed into Tr images using a reconstruction configuration that matches the version information. A reconstruction configuration can be provided that has at least two different versions of reconstruction software, so that Tr images can be reconstructed using a version of the reconstruction software that matches the version information of the Tp images or earlier Tr images. Tr images can be reconstructed from only a subset of the acquired Tp images, which in an extreme case means reconstruction from a single Tp image to yield an equivalent of the Tp image. Tr images representative of at least two breast slices that differ in thickness can be formed, for example using MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection) methods or a summing method that may or may not use different weighting of the summed pixel data. The display can be toggled between Tr images representative of breast slices having different thicknesses, wherein the slices may or may not overlap in space. Through computer-processing, the volume of a lesion can be computed and displayed from information contained in the Mp, Tr and/or Tp images. The display can show concurrently Tr images reconstructed from a current acquisition of Tp images and at least one Mp image obtained from a previous acquisition involving a different breast compression. The concurrent display can be on the same or different monitors, and can include at least Mp and Tr images, or at least Mp and Tp, images, or at least Tr and Tp images, or all three types of images, and can instead or additionally include 3D images formed from some or all of the acquired X-ray data, image data and/or from Mp, Tr and/or Tp images. Information indicative of status of loading Tr images for display can be shown as a part of the display. Different images can be displayed at different pixel sizes or fields of view or, alternatively, they can be selectively equalized by pixel size or field of view by selected types of interpolation or extrapolation, for example by up-converting to a smaller pixel size and thus a higher converted pixel count or by down-converting to a larger pixel size and thus a lower pixel count.

The concurrent display of Mp and Tr images can include displaying non-numeric indications of respective levels of displayed Tr images relative to Mp images, for example in the form of cross-lines on a bar related to displayed Mp images, wherein the height of the bar may relate to the thickness of the compressed breast, and/or non-numeric indications of respective thicknesses of breast slices represented by displayed Tr images, for example in the form of cross-bars of respective thickness on a bar related to Mp images. Instead, or in addition, numerical indications can be provided and displayed of the position of a slice image Tr relative to a breast imaged in an image Mp, and/or the thickness of the slice. Mp and Tr images can be shown overlaid on each other, and toggling can be allowed to switch between the image that is visible at the time. In addition, other image display effects can be provided, such as, without limitation, fade-in/fade-out and blending two or more images at respective weighting, as commonly used in post-production of television images and in known image processing software such as Photoshop from Adobe. Tr images can be displayed in cine mode, with selective control over the speed of changing from one image to another and/or the order of images for display relative to an order in which they were reconstructed. At least two sets of Tr images, e.g. Tr images reconstructed from different acquisitions of Tp images, can be shown concurrently and scrolled through in synchronism. A selection of initial or default display modes can be provided relating to the order, speed, slice thickness and/or other parameters of display of images, and user selection among those modes can be allowed. Information regarding image data acquisition, storage, reconstruction and/or other parameters can be selectively displayed. Tr images can be printed in an N×M format (where N and M are positive integers), and printing of images displayed concurrently on one or more monitors in WISIWIG format can be allowed. Compression of Mp, Tp and/or Tr images and/or of image data can be selectively carried out prior to storage. The compression can be lossless, or it can be lossy to a selected degree. Reconstruction of Tr images can be selectively carried out from compressed Tp images. Window/level controls can be provided for at least selected ones of the displayed images, and the controls can be set by the user, or automatically, to control the window width and/or the window level of only one, or only selected ones, or all of the displayed images. Image regions can be magnified for display, and the window/level controls automatically applied to the magnified regions. The Tr, or the Tp, or both the Tr and Tp images, can be stored in PACS storage. The Tp images can be acquired by using coarser binning in a direction of relative motion between the source of imaging x-rays and a breast during image acquisition. Alternatively, such binning can be done after the Tp images are acquired, to thereby reduce storage and further processing requirements. The Mp and Tp images that are concurrently displayed can be acquired from the same breast of a patient while the breast remains immobilized under compression that can remain the same or change between the acquisition of Mp images and Tp images. Alternatively, the Mp and Tp images can come from different acquisitions at different times or different breast compressions. Image data for Tp images acquired at two or more acquisition units can be supplied to and reconstructed into Tr images at a single reconstruction unit, from which one or more data display units can acquire Tr images for display, or image data for Tp images can be stored as such and only reconstructed into Tr images immediately prior to display thereof.

An additional or alternative display approach uses the Tp and/or Tr images in stereoscopic display. For example, when any two Tp images taken at different angles to the breast are displayed concurrently and viewed such that each is seen by a different eye of the observer, depth information is visualized. Similarly, when any two Tr images are reconstructed such that their image planes are at an angle to each other, depth information can also be perceived.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating flow of data through a system where reconstruction of tomosynthesis slice images Tr occurs after (or, alternatively, before) storage of acquired tomosynthesis projection images Tp.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating flow of data where the reconstruction of images Tr occurs before storage.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example where four units acquiring Tp images feed a single unit that reconstructs Tr images.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example where each of four units acquiring Tp images has its own unit for reconstructing Tr images.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of displaying Tr (or Tp) images and mammogram images Mp at separate areas of a single screen or on different screens.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example where an Mp image and a Tr image may be shown at the same or substantially same area on a screen, with an example of a non-numeric indication of a thickness and position in the breast of a breast slice represented by a Tr image.

FIG. 7 illustrates a concurrent display of Tr and Mp images, at separate areas on a screen or as combined images.

FIG. 8 illustrates a display of Mp/Tr images with CAD marks and a non-numeric indication of Tr images in which CAD marks exist.

FIG. 9 illustrates stereoscopic display of Tp images.

FIG. 10 illustrates stereoscopic display of Tr images.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating major elements of a mammography/tomosynthesis system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In describing preferred embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure of this patent specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner.

illustrates flow of data in one example of a system disclosed in this patent specification. An image data acquisition system 1 acquires tomosynthesis and/or mammography image data for Tp and/or Mp images of patients' breasts, and can take the form of and use the acquisition methods of any of the systems disclosed in said earlier-filed patent applications. Following acquisition, the data describing projection images Tp are sent to storage device 2, which can include a Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) storage, for example of the type commonly used in hospitals and other healthcare facilities, preferably a DICOM-compliant PACS. When images are needed for display 4, the data for Mp and/or Tp images are sent, from either acquisition system 1 or from storage device 2, to a computer system 3 configured as a reconstruction engine that can perform tomosynthesis reconstruction into images Tr representing breast slices of selected thickness and at selected orientations, as disclosed in said earlier-filed patent applications. The reconstructed slice images Tr are then sent to a display system 4 so that they can be viewed. If the reconstruction engine 3 is connected to display 4 via a fast link, then large datasets can be transmitted quickly.

Over time, there will likely be improvements to the acquisition systems and to the display systems, which may result in hardware and software upgrades and changes to reconstruction algorithms. This can create issues in viewing images taken previously. It may be important to be able to recall from storage and reconstruct an image that looks identical (or is at least comparable) to the way it looked when it was reconstructed and displayed in the past. Consider the example where an improvement in reconstruction algorithms improves image quality so as to allow detection of a cancerous lesion in an image where it was not visible using a previous version of the reconstruction algorithm and the then existing standard of care. While it could be useful to see older images processed with the newer algorithms, it may also be important to allow the re-display of images as they were viewed during an original diagnosis. One way to accomplish this in accordance with the disclosure in this patent specification is to put a version number or some other information in the data for Tp images, which identifies the software and/or hardware versions of the image data acquisition and/or Tr image reconstruction system at the time of acquisition. During reconstruction at a later time, the reconstruction engine reads this version number or other similar information and reconstructs using the appropriate algorithm. Thus, system upgrades can maintain a library of older algorithms and/or hardware so as to be able to reconstruct using the proper technique.

An alternative design is illustrated in FIG. 2. In this example, the reconstructions at unit 3 occur near or at the acquisition station 1, and it is the reconstructions Tr that are sent to storage system 2 and display devices 4. One advantage of the configuration of FIG. 2 is in the way it handles acquisition upgrades—if a new hardware/software version has a modified reconstruction algorithm, then all Tr images reconstructed from Tp image data taken after the upgrade will automatically reflect this new algorithm, and Tr images reconstructed from Tp image data taken prior to the upgrade will have been reconstructed with the older version and properly stored as such. The images stored on a PACS will be the same as they were viewed by the radiologist or other health professional during the diagnosis or other initial review. Another advantage of the system of FIG. 2 is the reduced system reconstruction burden compared to the system in, where the reconstruction engine is just prior to the display. If there are multiple acquisition systems, for example four systems, that are all pushing images to the display, then the reconstruction engine in will need to reconstruct images at 4 times the rate of a reconstruction engine in a system having only one acquisition system, for the same total patient throughput.

An example of such a four-acquisition station system using the design of is illustrated in. An example of a four-acquisition station system using the design of is illustrated in, and this system can reconstruct more images in a given amount of time due to the increased number of reconstruction engines.

The question of which system design will place a greater burden on the PACS storage of an institution will depend upon the sizes of the raw projections Tp and of the reconstructed images Tr. In general, if the raw projections Tp are smaller than the reconstructed images Tr, it might be desirable to save in PACS the raw or preliminarily processed data for Tp images and reconstruct the final Tr images on demand for display or other use. In all cases it may be desirable to keep both of these sizes as small as possible.

One way to reduce the size of an original dataset for a Tp image is to bin the projection Tp data to as large a pixel size as practical without reducing clinical efficacy of the final Tp or Tr images. It can be particularly useful to bin the pixel data asymmetrically, with a coarser bin in the direction of motion of a source of the imaging x-rays relative to the breast being imaged and a finer bin in the orthogonal direction, as described in at least one of said earlier-filed patent applications. The binning can be done as a part of the X-ray data acquisition process, in the course of reading out measurement data from a flat panel digital imager. Alternatively, it can be done after initial data acquisition. Compression of the projections using lossless or lossy compression algorithms can also serve to reduce the image size. There are different ways to reduce the size of the reconstructed datasets for Tr images, and this can be particularly important if the reconstructions are being saved in PACS, and if they are being transmitted through the hospital or other facility network. Data compression is one way to reduce dataset size. Another is to make the reconstructed pixel sizes as large as practical consistent with the clinical imaging task. It is believed that, as one non-limiting example, a pixel size of 140 microns×140 microns for the reconstructed slices is reasonable for many if not most viewing purposes. The display system can interpolate or extrapolate to a finer pixel size for display, and this can be useful when it is desired to confirm the pixel size of another image, such as a digital mammogram taken at a finer resolution than 140 microns. It is also faster to reconstruct into a coarser pixel size and then perform display interpolation or extrapolation to a finer pixel size, and doing so may not affect clinical efficacy as long as the reconstructed pixel size is adequately fine.

The same tomosynthesis acquisition system can be capable of acquiring either mammograms Mp or tomosynthesis images Tp (reconstructed into tomosynthesis images Tr), or both, as described in said earlier-filed applications. Thus, a display system preferably should be able to display both Mp and Tr (and/or Tp) images concurrently or sequentially. Similarly, the display system preferably should be able to display the current images as well as additional images taken at other times. The tomosynthesis acquisition can acquire mammograms and tomosynthesis images Tp in a single compression, as described in said earlier-filed applications. In such a case, because the breast geometry is essentially unchanged between the two image types, a location in an Mp or Tr image can be related to the same breast location in the other image. If the correlative geometry exists, the two image types can be overlaid on top of each other, and the user can toggle back and forth between which image type is visible at a given time. Thus, in general, the display can simultaneously or sequentially display mammograms and tomosynthesis images Tr (and/or Tp) from the current and previous studies.

Methods of identifying which image corresponds to which image type in displays of Mp, Tr and/or Tp images are desirable. One example of such a method is illustrated in FIG. 5. An icon is used to identify an image type. In this non-limiting example, the symbol M on the left image indicates that it is a mammogram. The symbol T on the right image indicates that it is a tomosynthesis slice image Tr. Similarly, a symbol Tp (not shown) can be used to indicate that the displayed image is a tomosynthesis projection image Tp, and the symbol 3D (also not shown) can be used to indicate that an image on the display is a 3D image. Other symbols serving a similar purpose can be used instead of, or in addition, to those identified above.

The system described as a non-limiting example in this patent specification is capable of receiving and displaying selectively the tomosynthesis projection images Tp, the tomosynthesis reconstruction images Tr, and/or the mammogram images Mp. It can receive images stored uncompressed, losslessly compressed, and lossyly compressed. It can also include algorithms to decompress images sent in compressed format. The system has software to perform reconstruction of tomosynthesis image data for images Tp into images Tr. Further, it can include software to generate 3D display images from the tomosynthesis reconstructed images Tr using standard known methods such as MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection), summing, and/or weighted summing algorithms.

Referring to the tomosynthesis image Tr displayed on the right of FIG. 5, a slider bar indicates the height of the displayed slice, in this example above the breast platform, although the height could be related to other references instead. In this case the height is approximately 5 cm. The height of a Tr slice that is displayed can be changed using a standard computer interface, such as a keyboard or mouse or mouse wheel or trackball. When the height changes, the slider bar updates by moving up or down to accurately reflect the displayed slice. Another method of display is an overlay method, where the mammogram Mp and the tomographic slice image(s) Tr are stacked one on top of another. This is illustrated in. The symbol TM in this non-limiting example means that the display is an overlay of at least one tomosynthesis image Tr plus a mammogram image Mp. The visible image, that is the image type on top, can be changed from Tr to Mp and vice versa easily, such as toggling back and forth using a keyboard or another interface device. The image type that is visible can be identified by changing the symbols such as bolding or underlining the top one. For example, if the image Tr was on top, the symbol could be TM, while if the image Mp was on top the symbol could be TM. As noted above, the top image can be made partly transparent, and other techniques such as fading one image into the other can be used. FIG. 6 further illustrates another display method. In addition to the slice height of a Tr image, the slice thickness can be adjusted and displayed, preferably non-numerically. Alternatively, the displayed slice height and/or thickness can be displayed in a numeric format. Typically, the breast slices represented by Tr images are thin, on the order of 0.5-3 mm, and will not show objects that are far from the given slice. If it is desired to view objects seen from a thicker slice, one can perform reconstructions to generate Tr images of synthesized thicker slices, such as 5, 10, 15 or 20 mm or more, or two or more Tr images can be blended into a single Tr image representing a thicker slice. The blending can be with the same or different weighting of the original Tr images.

The control of the Tr slice image that should be displayed can be handled in a number of different ways. The user can click or drag the slider bar to the desired slice height, and the display would follow. Alternatively, the height could be selected using keyboard commands, mouse wheels or trackballs, or other such computer selection tools. The Tr slice image can be played in cine mode, with the speed and direction controllable by the user. Tomosynthesis projection images Tp can also be displayed in cine mode.

If two or more sets of tomosynthesis images are displayed concurrently, for example Tr images from the same breast taken at different times, or Tr images of the two breasts taken at the same time, these two sets of images can be simultaneously displayed in cine mode. The cine displays can be synchronized, so that if these two datasets represent the same breast, the ciné display of both will traverse through each breast dataset at the same rate.

The display of the slice image Tr has, in addition to the display of the slice height, a graphical method of displaying the corresponding slice thickness. The width of the cross-bar shown in illustrates the slice thickness.

These Tr images for thicker slices can be derived in several ways. One way is to sum together a number of the adjacent thinner Tr slice images. Another is to calculate a maximum intensity projection through the adjacent slices. Yet another way to change the slice thickness is to reconstruct the dataset using a subset of the projections Tp. If one uses fewer projections, this is equivalent to an acquisition over a shallower angle and consequently the reconstructed images Tr have a greater depth of field and thus represent thicker slices. For example, if only one projection is used to reconstruct, this represents a tomosynthesis acquisition over a 0° angular scan and the depth of field is infinite, i.e. the reconstructions are 2D, as in an Mp image of the same breast.

In the most general case, the display screens will contain a mixture of mammogram Mp, tomosynthesis Tr and/or Tp, and combination (Mp+Tp/Tr) images. One example of this is illustrated in FIG. 7. It shows a 4-view examination being compared to a prior 4-view exam, where different views of different breasts are either Mp, Tr/Tp, or combination displays. The software allows the selection of one or more image planes, for use in image processing, or to change window/level or to change slice height, etc. The selected image planes are indicated in some way; in this non-limiting example the selected plane is outlined with a dotted line. These sets of images can be on one monitor, or on multiple monitors or other displays.

When more than one image is displayed, it is convenient to have the images all be displayed at the same pixel spacing, using known interpolation or extrapolation method applied to digital images. This facilitates image comparison. As an example, if the prior mammogram was acquired on a system using 100 micron pixel spacing, but the current mammogram was acquired on a system using 70 micron pixel spacing, the display will map the images so the pixel spacings are identical. This pixel spacing is also true for Mp and Tr/Tp images. In a preferred embodiment, the Mp and Tr/Tp images are displayed at the same pixel size. This is especially useful in performing overlaid image display, with the Mp and Tr/Tp images on top of each other. Thus, an object in a Tr image will appear at the same place as in the corresponding Mp image.

If the two images are not at the same pixel size, toggling between them may show a distracting change due to the difference in pixel size. Matching the pixel spacings for all images on the display is only one possibility. A capability to change the pixel spacings of any image or sets of images, such as would occur when one zoomed a region of a breast, can also be included.

Zooming can be done on any of the images on the display. In particular, in a combo overlay display mode, the zoomed area will zoom both the Mp and the Tr slice images as they are toggled. In other words, no matter what image type is displayed, it will be zoomed. Window/level can be independently, or jointly, applied to any combination of images on the display. In particular, for the Tr images the window/level can be applied to just the single displayed Tr slice image, or all the Tr slice images. If there is a magnified region of an image, window/level can be selectively applied just to the magnified region or to the entire image.

A compressed breast is frequently about 50 mm thick, and if the reconstructed slice separation is 1 mm then the examination will consist of 50 slices. The time it takes to load this study into display might be significant. Because of this, it can be useful for the display to indicate the status of the display if the image is currently being loaded. This can take the form of a message such as “image loading” or an icon indicating the same, or information providing more detail regarding loading status such as, without limitation, remaining time for completed display.

The sequence of displaying Tr images can be controlled to select either the first, last, or middle, or some other Tr slice image, as the initial slice to display. This control also defines the starting slice thickness to display.

CAD algorithms are commonly used to analyze mammograms. CAD can also be applied to Tr and/or Tr images. It can be useful to display CAD marks that are derived from or are otherwise associated with the Tr/Tp images, at the appropriate locations on the Mp images. For example, when a Tr slice image is displayed that contains one or more CAD marks, the x,y location of the CAD mark on the Tr slice image is used to compute the corresponding x,y location on the Mp image that represents the same breast location. The mark can then be placed on one or both of the Mp and Tr images at the same locations. Similarly, it can be useful to display CAD marks that are derived from or are otherwise associated with the Mp images on the appropriate locations on the Tr slice images. For example, the x,y location from the Mp CAD mark is used to compute the corresponding x,y location on the Tr slice image that represents the same breast location, and the mark is placed on the Tr slice.

One method of displaying CAD information is illustrated in. Slice locations where there are CAD marks are indicated. In this example, they are indicated though the use of arrows positioned at the slice heights where the marks are. In this non-limiting example, there were CAD marks at heights 1 and 3 cm, and the currently displayed slice is at 5 cm.

Another display method for use with Tr images that have Tr CAD data is to restrict the display of Tr slice images that do not have CAD marks on them. For example, if only Tr slice images 10 and 20 had CAD marks, then only those two slice images would be displayed. This allows the speedup of image review, because there can be 50 or more Tr slices that need to be displayed. The image display could jump from one CAD-marked slice image Tr to another quickly. There can also be an override method so that all the slice images Tr could be reviewed if desired.

In addition to CAD information display, the unit can display patient demographic and acquisition information relevant to the acquisition and reconstruction of Tp/Tr images.

There also are different methods of printing Tr/Tp images. Because there are many slice images Tr, it may not be desirable to print out each individual slice image. In this case, the system can support printing of the Tr images in an N×M film layout format. In addition, printing can be allowed in a screen capture WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) format.

A common method of reviewing digital mammography and tomosynthesis images Mp, Tp, and Tr is by using one or more monitors, and looking at the images in an essentially monoscopic mode—the same image is viewed by both of the viewer's eyes. Researchers have proposed using stereo viewing systems, whereby different images are presented to the left and right eyes. This method of viewing is known as stereoscopic, and can offer distance or depth cues similarly to what is normally seen by human eyes in regular vision tasks. Stereoscopic viewing offers potential benefits in viewing radiological images, because relative spatial relationships between objects in the body might be more apparent. One such stereoscopic system, for use in medical displays, is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,565 issued on Feb. 29, 2000 and involves taking two radiographic images of a body from different angles. The and the display of these two images provides depth information.

Tomosynthesis images offer new opportunities for improved stereoscopic viewing, at least in part because it provides a richer dataset than just a stereo pair to be displayed, it provides many possible combination of image pairs, and provides for scrolling through different displayed sets of images.

One method of display using pairs of images from the tomographic projection dataset Tp is illustrates in FIG. 9. Any two pairs of projections Tp may provide stereo visualization, and by displaying dynamically sets of these pairs of projections, one will get both a stereoscopic view and one which dynamically moves around the body that was imaged. For example, consider that 8 projections Tp were taken as a part of a tomosynthesis acquisition: Tp[1], Tp[2], . . . Tp[21]. The first pair to be stereo viewed could be Tp[1] and Tp[3], the second pair Tp[2] and Tp[4], the third pair Tp[3] and Tp[5] and so on to Tp[6] and Tp[8]. Alternatively pairs could be adjacent pairs such as Tp[1] and Tp[2] or separated by three projections Tp[1] and Tp[4], etc. The optimal spacing between the two projections in the displayed stereo pair is dependent upon the imaging geometry and angular separation between successive projections Tp[1] and Tp[i+1]. It is known that only certain angular differences between stereo pairs give good stereo visualization to humans, and the selection of appropriate pairs of images Tp for a particular acquisition setting can be determined through convenient experimentation.

Another method of display uses a variant of the reconstructed dataset Tr and is illustrated in FIG. 10. In this embodiment, one reconstructs two different datasets Tr′ and Tr″, both reconstructed from some or all of the original projections Tp. When performing reconstruction, one chooses the geometry of reconstruction and it is possible to reconstruct these two datasets into images Tr that differ in their view of the body by a selected angular separation, e.g. a few degrees, thus mimicking the apparent viewing of the body that the human eye would see, if it had x-ray vision. Each dataset Tr′ and Tr″ consist of sets of cross sectional slices. If one displays, using the stereo viewer, the same slice from Tr′ and Tr″, one in the left eye and the other in the right eye, one would get a stereo perspective of that slice. One could display different slice pairs in depth succession in the breast to get a dynamic stereo view through the body. As seen in FIG. 9, an object 3000 is reconstructed with cross-sectional slices Tr′ and Tr″ perpendicular to two different axes 3001 and 3002. The slice pairs that are displayed to the left and right eye are Tr′ [i] (3003) and Tr″ [i] (3004). The angle between 3001 and 3002 is such that viewing the pairs Tr′ and Tr″ gives a stereoscopic visualization. Unlike the proposal in said U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,565, FIG. 9 illustrates a stereo view of a thin cross-sectional slice through the body, and a scroll through such sections, while the patent proposes displaying stereo pairs of projection radiographs through the entire body.

FIG. 11 illustrates an overall mammography/tomography system in which the preferred but non-limiting examples discussed above can be implemented. The Figure illustrates in block diagram form an x-ray data acquisition unit 100 that includes an x-ray source 110 imaging a breast 112 supported on a breast platform 114. An x-ray imager 116 such as a flat panel x-ray imager commercially available from the assignee of this patent specification generates projection image data that can be a mammogram Mp or a tomosynthesis projection image Tp. X-ray source 110 is mounted for movement around breast platform 114 so that images Tp can be taken at different angles. X-ray imager 116 can be stationary or it can also move relative to breast platform 114, preferable in synchronism with movement of x-ray source 110. Elements 110 and 116 communicate with x-ray data acquisition control 118 that controls operations in a manner known from said earlier-filed patent specifications. X-ray image data from imager 116 is delivered to processing and image reconstruction unit 120, where the data is processed as known from said earlier-filed patent application into Tp and Tr image data, possibly stored, and prepared for display at image display unit 122 as disclosed in the various embodiments described above.

The examples described above are only illustrative and that other examples also are encompassed within the scope of the appended claims. It should also be clear that, as noted above, techniques from known image processing and display methods such as post-production of TV images and picture manipulation by software such as Photoshop from Adobe, can be used to implement details of the processes described above. The above specific embodiments are illustrative, and many variations can be introduced on these embodiments without departing from the spirit of the disclosure or from the scope of the appended claims. For example, elements and/or features of different illustrative embodiments may be combined with each other and/or substituted for each other within the scope of this disclosure and appended claims. 

1. A method of acquiring and displaying x-ray images comprising: acquiring x-ray mammography image data Mp representative of projection mammography images of patients' breasts and x-ray tomosynthesis image data Tp representative of projection images Tp taken at different angles of an origin of imaging x-rays relative to the patients' breasts, from an acquisition unit configured to selectively acquire said mammography and tomosynthesis image data; reconstructing at least a subset of the acquired Tp data into reconstructed tomosynthesis image data Tr representative of images of slices of the breasts that have selected orientations and thicknesses; and displaying at least a selected subcombination of the Mp, Tr and Tp image data as respective Mp, Tp and/or Tr images for concurrent viewing while identifying the displayed images as Mp, Tr and/or Tp images.
 2. A method as in claim 1 including generating computer aided detection (CAD) marks indicative of suspected abnormalities in said Mp images and displaying said marks at corresponding locations on Tr images associated by at least orientation with respective Mp images.
 3. A method as in claim 1 including generating computer aided detection (CAD) marks indicative of suspected abnormalities in said Tr images and displaying said marks at corresponding locations on Mp images associated by at least orientation with respective Tr images.
 4. A method as in claim 1 including generating computer aided detection (CAD) marks indicative of suspected abnormalities in at least some of said images, and displaying Tr images together with CAD marks associated therewith while suppressing concurrent displaying of Tr images that do not have CAD marks associated therewith.
 5. A method as in claim 1 including storing Tp image data together with version information indicative of at least one of acquisition configuration used to acquire the Tp image data and reconstruction configuration used for previous reconstruction of Tr images from said Tp image data, thereby enabling later reconstruction of Tr images that match those previously reconstructed form the Tp image data.
 6. A method as in claim 1 including storing said Tp image data together with version information related to the acquisition thereof, and further including reconstructing said Tp image data into Tr images using a reconstruction configuration that matches said version information.
 7. A method as in claim 1 including storing said Tp image data together with version information and further including providing a reconstruction configuration having at least two different versions of reconstruction software and using a version of the reconstruction software that matches the version information of the Tp image data to reconstruct Tr images therefrom.
 8. A method as in claim 1 including reconstruction Tr images from only a subset of the acquired Tp image data, said subset being related to only some of said different angles of at least the x-ray source relative to the breast platform.
 9. A method as in claim 1 including reconstructing Tr images representative of at least two breast slices that differ in thickness.
 10. A method as in claim 9 including using a MIP method to reconstruct at least one of said Tr images.
 11. A method as in claim 9 using a summing method to reconstruct at least one of said Tr images.
 12. A method as in claim 11 in which said summing method comprises a weighted summing method.
 13. A method as in claim 9 including toggling between displays of Tr images representative of breast slices having different thicknesses.
 14. A method as in claim 1 including computer-processing information contained in at least one of said Tr images to compute a volume of a lesion imaged therein.
 15. A method as in claim 1 including concurrently displaying Tr images from a current acquisition of Tp image data and at least one Mp image obtained from a previous acquisition involving a different breast compression.
 16. A method as in claim 1 including concurrently displaying on the same monitor or on different monitors that are concurrently viewable, at least Mp and Tr images.
 17. A method as in claim 1 including selectively generating and displaying 3D images from said Tp and/or Tr image data.
 18. A method as in claim 1 including providing as a part of said displaying, information indicative of status of loading Tr images for display.
 19. A method as in claim 1 including selecting Mp and Tr images for display, detecting if the selected images conform to a selected pixel size, and converting any non-conforming ones of the selected images to the selected pixel size and concurrently displaying the selected images at the same pixel size.
 20. A method as in claim 19 in which said converting includes up-converting to a smaller pixel size and thus a higher converted pixel count.
 21. A method as in claim 19 in which said converting includes down-converting to a larger pixel size and thus a lower pixel count.
 22. A method as in claim 1 including concurrently displaying at least Mp and Tr images and providing on the display non-numeric indications of respective levels of displayed Tr images.
 23. A method as in claim 22 in which the non-numeric indications comprise cross-lines on a bar associated with a height of a patient's breast imaged in the displayed Mp image.
 24. A method as in claim 1 including concurrently displaying at least Mp and Tr images and providing on the display non-numeric indications of respective thicknesses of breast slices represented by displayed Tr images.
 25. A method as in claim 24 in which the non-numeric indications of thicknesses comprise cross-bars of respective thickness on a bar related to an Mp image.
 26. A method as in claim 1 including selectively displaying Mp and Tr images overlaid on each other.
 27. A method as in claim 26 including selectively toggling between having one or the other of the overlaid images show on top of the other.
 28. A method as in claim 1 including displaying at least some of the Tr images in cine mode.
 29. A method as in claim 28 including selectively controlling a speed of changing from one displayed Tr image to another in said ciné mode.
 30. A method as in claim 28 including selectively controlling an order of displaying Tr images in said cine mode relative to an order in which they were reconstructed.
 31. A method as in claim 30 further including selectively controlling a speed of changing from one Tr image to another in said cine mode.
 32. A method as in claim 1 including providing at least two sets of Tr images reconstructed from Tp image data resulting from at least two different breast compressions, and including concurrently displaying said at least two sets of Tr images by scrolling through them in synchronism.
 33. A method as in claim 1 including providing at least two different initial display modes relating to an order of display of Tr images relative to breast slices represented thereby, and selectively using one of said display modes to display Tr images.
 34. A method as in claim 1 including providing at least two different initial display modes relating to thicknesses of breast slices represented thereby and selectively using one of said display modes to display Tr images.
 35. A method as in claim 1 including providing at least two different initial display modes related to an order of displaying Tr images relative to breast slices represented thereby and further relating to thicknesses of breast slices represented thereby, and selectively using one of said display modes.
 36. A method as in claim 1 including selectively displaying acquisition information related to techniques used to acquire the Tp images.
 37. A method as in claim 1 including generating computer aided detection (CAD) marks indicative of suspected abnormalities in selected ones of said images, and selectively displaying said CAD marks at corresponding location on Mp images when Tr images of the same breast with CAD marks therein are displayed.
 38. A method as in claim 1 including generating computer aided detection (CAD) marks indicative of suspected abnormalities in selected ones of said images, and displaying said CAD marks at corresponding locations on associated Tr images when Mp images of the same breast with CAD marks therein are displayed.
 39. A method as in claim 1 including generating computer aided detection (CAD) marks indicative of suspected abnormalities in selected ones of said images, and displaying said CAD marks at corresponding locations on associated Tr or Mp images when Tp images of the same breast with CAD marks therein are displayed.
 40. A method as in claim 1 including printing selected ones of said Tr images in an N×M format, where N and M are positive integers.
 41. A method as in claim 1 including printing at least said Tr images in a WISIWIG format relative to a concurrent display of said images on one or more monitors.
 42. A method as in claim 1 including concurrently displaying at least two Mp images acquired at different pixel sizes or different fields of view.
 43. A method as in claim 42 including converting said Mp images acquired at different pixel sizes or fields of view to display images that conform in pixel size to each other as displayed.
 44. A method as in claim 1 including concurrently displaying at least two Tr or Tp images reconstructed or acquired at different pixel sizes.
 45. A method as in claim 44 including converting said Tr or Tp images reconstructed or acquired at different pixel sizes to display images that conform to each other in pixel size as displayed.
 46. A method as in claim 1 including concurrently displaying at least Mp and Tr images acquired or reconstructed at different pixel sizes.
 47. A method as in claim 46 including automatically converting said Mp and Tr images acquired or reconstructed at different pixel sizes to display images that conform to each other in pixel size.
 48. A method as in claim 1 including compressing Tp image data and storing resulting compressed versions thereof for future use.
 49. A method as in claim 48 in which said compressing comprises selectively using lossless or lossy compression.
 50. A method as in claim 49 including reconstructing Tr images from compressed versions of Tp image data resulting from use of said compression.
 51. A method as in claim 50 including storing the reconstructed Tr images related to said use of compressed Tr images.
 52. A method as in claim 1 including providing window/level controls for at least selected ones of the displayed Tr images.
 53. A method as in claim 1 including providing window/level controls that selectively control only a selected subset of the displayed Tr images.
 54. A method as in claim 1 including providing window/level controls that selectively control all of the displayed Tr images.
 55. A method as in claim 1 including providing window/level controls that selectively control only a selected subset of the displayed Tr images or all of the displayed Tr images.
 56. A method as in claim 1 including selectively magnifying regions of the displayed images and selectively automatically applying said window/level controls to the magnified regions.
 57. A method as in claim 1 including storing the reconstructed Tr images in PACS storage.
 58. A method as in claim 1 including storing said Tp image data in PACS storage.
 59. A method as in claim 1 including asymmetric binning of said Tp image data prior to reconstructing Tr images therefrom, said asymmetric binning comprising coarser binning in a direction of relative motion between said source of imaging x-rays and a breast.
 60. A method as in claim 1 in which said displaying comprises concurrent displaying of at least Mp and Tr images.
 61. A method as in claim 1 in which said displaying comprises concurrent displaying of at least Mp and Tp images.
 62. A method as in claim 1 in which said images Mp and Tp are acquired from the same breast of a patient while the breast remains immobilized under compression.
 63. A method as in claim 1 in which said images Mp and Tp are acquired from the same breast of the patient but at different times and different compressions of the breast.
 64. A method as in claim 1 in which the displayed images comprise an Mp image and at least one Tr image of the same breast, and said displaying comprises a non-numeric indication of a level of the at least one displayed Tr image.
 65. A method as in claim 1, including displaying at least one non-numeric indication of a thickness of a breast slice represented by the at least one displayed Tr image.
 66. A method as in claim 1 in which the displayed images comprise an Mp image and at least one Tr image of the same breast, and said displaying comprises a numeric indication of a level of the at least one displayed Tr image.
 67. A method as in claim 1, including displaying at least one numeric indication of a thickness of a breast slice represented by the at least one displayed Tr image.
 68. A method as in claim 1 including selectively displaying a magnified area of an Mp image and information representative of level and thickness of at least one Tr image displayed in association therewith.
 69. A method as in claim 1 including selectively displaying an Mp image and a Tr image overlaid on each other.
 70. A method as in claim 69 in which said selective displaying includes toggling between the overlaid images to select which image is displayed on top of the other.
 71. A method as in claim 1 including generating and selectively showing on at least some of the displayed images, computer-aided detection (CAD) symbols indicative of suspected abnormalities in the displayed images.
 72. A method as in claim 71 including showing on a displayed Mp image, CAD symbols generated by computer analysis of at least one Tr or Tp image.
 73. A method as in claim 71 including showing on a displayed Tr or Tp image, CAD symbols generated by computer analysis of an Mp image.
 74. A method as in claim 71 including showing on a Tr image, CAD symbols generated by computer analysis of at least one Tp image.
 75. A method as in claim 71 including showing on a Tp image, CAD symbols generated by computer analysis of at least one Tr image.
 76. A method as in claim 71 including at a displayed Mp image at least one non-numeric indication of associated Tr images that have generated CAD symbols as a result of computer analysis thereof.
 77. A method as in claim 71 including automatically selecting for displaying only Tr images from which computer analysis has generated CAD symbols.
 78. A method as in claim 71 including displaying in association with a displayed Mp image, a non-numeric indication of only those associated Tr images from which computer analysis has generated CAD symbol.
 79. A method as in claim 1 including storing the Tr but not the Tp image data or Tp images in PACS storage, and obtaining the Tr images for display from the PACS storage.
 80. A method as in claim 1 including storing the Tp imaged data or Tp images but not the Tr images reconstructed therefrom in PACS storage, and reconstructing the Tr images for display from the data or images stored in said PACS storage prior to displaying them.
 81. A method as in claim 1 including storing said Tp imaged data or images together with an identification of an acquisition system that was used to acquire them.
 82. A method as in claim 1 including storing said Tr images together with an identification of a reconstruction system that was used to reconstruct them.
 83. A method as in claim 1 including reconstructing Tr images from only a subset of the acquired Tp image data or images.
 84. A method as in claim 1 including reconstructing from said Tp image data or images at least two Tr images representative of breast slices that differ in thickness.
 85. A method as in claim 1 including combining selected Tr images for display as a combined 2D image by a MIP method.
 86. A method as in claim 1 including combining selected Tr images for display as a combined 2D image by a summing method.
 87. A method as in claim 85 including weighting differently said selected Tr images in said summing method.
 88. A method as in claim 1 including acquiring said Tp image data at two or more acquisition units and reconstructing said Tr images at a single reconstruction unit.
 89. A method as in claim 1 including storing the acquired Tp image data or Tp images and reconstructing the stored data into Tr images only immediately prior to display of said Tr images.
 90. A method as in claim 1 including reconstructing said tomosynthesis image data immediately after acquisition and storing the resulting Tr images for later display.
 91. A system comprising: an acquisition unit comprising a breast platform, a source of x-rays at one side of the platform and an x-ray imaging device at another side of the platform, said acquisition unit selectively acquiring x-ray mammography image data representative of projection mammography images Mp of patients' breasts on said platform and x-ray tomosynthesis image data representative of tomosynthesis projection images Tp taken at different angles of at least the x-ray source relative to the breast platform; an image reconstruction unit coupled with the acquisition unit and receiving said image data therefrom and selectively reconstructing at least a subset of the acquired Tp images into reconstructed tomosynthesis images Tr representative of slices of the breasts that have selected orientations and thicknesses; and a display unit displaying at least a selected subcombination of the Mp, Tr and Tp images for concurrent viewing while showing at or near the displayed images respective labeling symbols identifying them as Mp, Tr or Tp images.
 92. A method of displaying x-ray images comprising: providing x-ray mammography image data Mp representative of projection mammography images Mp of patients' breasts and tomosynthesis images Tr reconstructed from tomosynthesis image data Tp representative of projection images taken at different angles of an origin of imaging x-rays relative to the patients' breasts; wherein said images Tr are representative of slices of the breasts that have selected orientations and thicknesses; and displaying at least a selected subcombination of the Mp, Tr and Tp image data as respective Mp, Tp and/or Tr images for concurrent viewing together with one or more computer aided detection (CAD) marks associated with suspected abnormalities in one or more of said images.
 93. A method of displaying x-ray images comprising: providing x-ray mammography image data Mp representative of projection mammography images Mp of patients' breasts and tomosynthesis images Tr reconstructed from tomosynthesis image data Tp representative of projection images taken at different angles of an origin of imaging x-rays relative to the patients' breasts; wherein said images Tr are representative of slices of the breasts that have selected orientations and thicknesses; and selectively displaying at least a selected subcombination of the Mp, Tr and Tp image data as respective Mp, Tp and/or Tr images for viewing.
 94. A method of displaying x-ray images comprising: providing x-ray mammography image data Mp representative of projection mammography images Mp of patients' breasts and tomosynthesis images Tr reconstructed from tomosynthesis image data Tp representative of projection images taken at different angles of an origin of imaging x-rays relative to the patients' breasts; wherein said images Tr are representative of slices of the breasts that have selected orientations and thicknesses; and selectively displaying one of an Mp image and a Tr image on top of the other for viewing, wherein the top image may be partly transparent or non-transparent.
 95. A method as in claim 93 in which the Mp image is on top of the Tr image.
 96. A method as in claim 93 in which the Tr image is on top of the Mp image.
 97. A method as in claim 93 in which the image on top is partly transparent.
 98. A method of displaying x-ray images comprising: providing x-ray representative of at least one of (i) tomosynthesis images Tp representative of projection images taken at different angles of an origin of imaging x-rays relative to a patients' breasts, and (ii) reconstructed images Tr reconstructed from selected sets or subsets of said images Tp; wherein said images Tr are representative of slices of the breasts that have selected orientations and thicknesses; and selectively displaying stereoscopically selected pairs of at least two of said images Tp or at least two of said images Tr.
 99. A method of displaying x-ray images as in claim 97, including: selectively scrolling through different pairs of images Tp that are stereoscopically displayed, thereby stereoscopically viewing a patient's breast from different angles.
 100. A method of displaying x-ray images as in claim 97, including: selectively providing images Tr that conform to imaging planes angled relative to each other and stereoscopically displaying said relatively angled Tr images.
 101. A method of displaying x-ray images as in claim 99, including: selectively providing images Tr that conform to a first set of imaging planes that are parallel to each other but are at different depth in a patient's breast and a second set of images Tr that also are parallel to each other but are at different depths in the patient's breast, where the two sets of imaging planes are angled to each other, and selectively scrolling through pairs of stereoscopically displayed Tr images, each pair comprising one Tr image from each set. 